energy unique to that nerve. a. True b. False Bloom’s: Understand General Principles of Perception

1. Johannes Müller held that whatever excites a particular nerve establishes a special kind of energy unique to that nerve. a. True b. False Bloom’s: Understand General Principles of Perception KALA.BIOP.16.05.01 – Remember that we see because light strikes the retina, sending a message to the brain. 5.1 Visual Coding 2. The coding of visual information in your brain results in an exact duplicate of the object’s shape on the surface of the cortex. a. True b. False Bloom’s: Understand General Principles of Perception KALA.BIOP.16.05.01 – Remember that we see because light strikes the retina, sending a message to the brain. 5.1 Visual Coding 3. The cornea is an adjustable structure in the eye that focuses light. a. True b. False Bloom’s: Understand The Eye and Its Connections to the Brain KALA.BIOP.16.05.04 – Trace the route of visual information from the retina to the cerebral cortex. 5.1 Visual Coding 4. Amacrine cells refine the input to ganglion cells, enabling them to respond specifically to shapes, movement, or other visual features. a. True b. False Bloom’s: Understand The Eye and Its Connections to the Brain KALA.BIOP.16.05.04 – Trace the route of visual information from the retina to the cerebral cortex. 5.1 Visual Coding 5. Shapes are more easily identified with peripheral vision than foveal vision. a. True b. False Bloom’s: Understand The Eye and Its Connections to the Brain KALA.BIOP.16.05.02 – List the properties of cones and rods. 5.1 Visual Coding 6. Photopigments are stable in the dark. a. True b. False Bloom’s: Understand Visual Receptors: Rods and Cones KALA.BIOP.16.05.02 – List the properties of cones and rods. 5.1 Visual Coding 7. According to the trichromatic theory, we can perceive only three colors. a. True b. False Bloom’s: Understand Color Vision KALA.BIOP.16.05.03 – Explain the main features of color vision. 5.1 Visual Coding 8. The retinex theory accounts for the principle of color constancy. a. True b. False Bloom’s: Understand Color Vision KALA.BIOP.16.05.03 – Explain the main features of color vision. 5.1 Visual Coding 9. An object’s location, color, and movement are all processed in the same part of the visual cortex. a. True b. False Bloom’s: Understand The Primary Visual Cortex KALA.BIOP.16.05.04 – Trace the route of visual information from the retina to the cerebral cortex. 5.1 Visual Coding 10. Lateral inhibition is the reduction of activity in one neuron by activity in neighboring neurons. a. True b. False Bloom’s: Understand Processing in the Retina KALA.BIOP.16.05.05 – Explain lateral inhibition in terms of the connections among neurons in the retina. 5.2 How the Brain Processes Visual Information 11. Parvocellular cells respond strongly to moving stimuli and large overall patterns. a. True b. False Bloom’s: Understand Further Processing KALA.BIOP.16.05.06 – Define and give examples of receptive fields. 5.2 How the Brain Processes Visual Information 12. The ventral stream of visual processing is important for identifying movement. a. True b. False Bloom’s: Understand The Ventral and Dorsal Paths KALA.BIOP.16.05.04 – Trace the route of visual information from the retina to the cerebral cortex. 5.3 Parallel Processing in the Visual Cortex 13. Simple cells are found exclusively in the primary visual cortex. a. True b. False Bloom’s: Understand The Primary Visual Cortex KALA.BIOP.16.05.06 – Define and give examples of receptive fields. 5.2 How the Brain Processes Visual Information 14. A complex cell responds to a pattern of light in a particular orientation. a. True b. False Bloom’s: Understand The Primary Visual Cortex KALA.BIOP.16.05.06 – Define and give examples of receptive fields. 5.2 How the Brain Processes Visual Information 15. Infants are born with the ability to control their visual attention. a. True b. False Bloom’s: Understand Detailed Analysis of Shape KALA.BIOP.16.05.07 – Describe research on how experiences alter development of the visual cortex. 5.3 Parallel Processing in the Visual Cortex 16. The law of specific nerve energies states that ____. a. perception of a repeated stimulus fades b. every stimulation of the optic nerve is perceived as light c. the speed of action potentials varies depending on the strength of the stimulus d. any stimulation above the threshold produces an action potential Bloom’s: Analyze General Principles of Perception KALA.BIOP.16.05.01 – Remember that we see because light strikes the retina, sending a message to the brain. 5.1 Visual Coding 17. According to the law of specific nerve energies, the brain tells the difference between one sensory modality and another by ____. a. which neurotransmitter is released b. which neurons are active c. the velocity of the action potentials d. the amplitude of the action potentials Bloom’s: Understand General Principles of Perception KALA.BIOP.16.05.01 – Remember that we see because light strikes the retina, sending a message to the brain. 5.1 Visual Coding 18. In the human retina, messages go from receptors at the back of the eye to ____. a. retina cells b. bipolar cells c. ganglion cells d. spiny cells Bloom’s: Understand The Eye and Its Connections to the Brain KALA.BIOP.16.05.04 – Trace the route of visual information from the retina to the cerebral cortex. 5.1 Visual Coding 19. Light enters the eye through an opening in the center of the iris called the ____. a. retina b. cornea c. pupil d. macula Bloom’s: Understand The Eye and Its Connections to the Brain KALA.BIOP.16.05.04 – Trace the route of visual information from the retina to the cerebral cortex. 5.1 Visual Coding 20. Bipolar cells send their messages to ____, which are located close to the center of the eye. a. spiny cells b. cornea cells c. bipolar cells d. ganglion cells Bloom’s: Understand The Eye and Its Connections to the Brain KALA.BIOP.16.05.04 – Trace the route of visual information from the retina to the cerebral cortex. 5.1 Visual Coding 21. Light from the right half of the world strikes which part of the retina? a. the left half b. the right half c. the whole retina equally d. It depends of the wavelength. Bloom’s: Understand The Eye and Its Connections to the Brain KALA.BIOP.16.05.04 – Trace the route of visual information from the retina to the cerebral cortex. 5.1 Visual Coding 22. In what order does visual information pass through the retina? a. receptor cells, ganglion cells, bipolar cells b. ganglion cells, bipolar cells, receptor cells c. receptor cells, bipolar cells, ganglion cells d. bipolar cells, receptor cells, ganglion cells Bloom’s: Understand The Eye and Its Connections to the Brain KALA.BIOP.16.05.04 – Trace the route of visual information from the retina to the cerebral cortex. 5.1 Visual Coding 23. Various types of ____ cells refine the input to ganglion cells, enabling them to respond specifically to shapes, movement, or other visual features. a. receptors b. geniculate cells c. amacrine cells d. optic nerves Bloom’s: Understand The Eye and Its Connections to the Brain KALA.BIOP.16.05.04 – Trace the route of visual information from the retina to the cerebral cortex. 5.1 Visual Coding 24. The optic nerve is composed of axons from which kind of cell? a. rods and cones b. bipolar cells c. horizontal cells d. ganglion cells Bloom’s: Understand The Eye and Its Connections to the Brain KALA.BIOP.16.05.04 – Trace the route of visual information from the retina to the cerebral cortex. 5.1 Visual Coding 25. The name of the point at which the optic nerve leaves the retina is called the ____. a. blind spot b. fovea c. optic chiasm d. ganglion Bloom’s: Understand The Eye and Its Connections to the Brain KALA.BIOP.16.05.04 – Trace the route of visual information from the retina to the cerebral cortex. 5.1 Visual Coding 26. Which statement characterizes the fovea? a. It has the greatest perception of detail. b. It surrounds the point of exit of the optic nerve. c. It falls in the shadow cast by the pupil. d. It has more rods than cones. Bloom’s: Understand The Eye and Its Connections to the Brain KALA.BIOP.16.05.04 – Trace the route of visual information from the retina to the cerebral cortex. 5.1 Visual Coding 27. If you want to see something in fine detail, you should focus the light on which part of your retina? a. the optic nerve b. the fovea c. an area containing mostly rods d. the cornea Bloom’s: Analyze The Eye and Its Connections to the Brain KALA.BIOP.16.05.02 – List the properties of cones and rods. 5.1 Visual Coding 28. The retinas of predatory birds such as hawks ____. a. have no discernible fovea b. have a greater density of receptors than do humans on the top half of the retina c. have a greater density of receptors than do humans on the bottom half of the retina d. are virtually indistinguishable from the retinas of humans Bloom’s: Understand The Eye and Its Connections to the Brain KALA.BIOP.16.05.04 – Trace the route of visual information from the retina to the cerebral cortex. 5.1 Visual Coding 29. In vertebrate retinas, receptors send their messages ____. a. straight to the brain b. immediately to ganglion cells within the retina c. to bipolar cells within the retina d. to the periphery of the retina first, ganglion cells next, and bipolar cells last Bloom’s: Understand The Eye and Its Connections to the Brain KALA.BIOP.16.05.04 – Trace the route of visual information from the retina to the cerebral cortex. 5.1 Visual Coding 30. Why does the fovea provide the clearest, most detailed visual information? a. It is closest to the pupil. b. It surrounds the optic nerve. c. It has tightly packed receptors. d. It contains many blood vessels for supplying energy. Bloom’s: Understand The Eye and Its Connections to the Brain KALA.BIOP.16.05.02 – List the properties of cones and rods. 5.1 Visual Coding 31. Which statement is TRUE with regard to peripheral vision? a. It is very sensitive to detail. b. It is easier to recognize single objects in the periphery that are not surrounded by other objects. c. It is not very sensitive to light. d. It is most sensitive to color, which helps to differentiate multiple objects clearly. Bloom’s: Understand The Eye and Its Connections to the Brain KALA.BIOP.16.05.02 – List the properties of cones and rods. 5.1 Visual Coding 32. In comparison to the rods, cones are more ____. a. common toward the periphery of the retina b. sensitive to detail c. sensitive to dim light d. common in rodents and other nocturnal animals Bloom’s: Understand Visual Receptors: Rods and Cones KALA.BIOP.16.05.02 – List the properties of cones and rods. 5.1 Visual Coding 33. ____ are chemicals that release energy when struck by light. a. Phototransmitters b. Photosins c. Photopigments d. Photoions Bloom’s: Understand Visual Receptors: Rods and Cones KALA.BIOP.16.05.02 – List the properties of cones and rods. 5.1 Visual Coding 34. Light energy converts 11-cis-retinal to ____. a. opsins b. unstable proteins c. all-trans-retinal d. sodium Bloom’s: Understand Visual Receptors: Rods and Cones KALA.BIOP.16.05.02 – List the properties of cones and rods. 5.1 Visual Coding 35. Chemicals that release energy when struck by light are called ____. a. photo-optics b. photopigments c. opsins d. kestrels Bloom’s: Understand Visual Receptors: Rods and Cones KALA.BIOP.16.05.02 – List the properties of cones and rods. 5.1 Visual Coding 36. In comparison to cones, rods ____. a. are more common toward the center of the retina b. are more sensitive to detail c. are more sensitive to dim light d. reach their peak firing levels slowly Bloom’s: Understand Visual Receptors: Rods and Cones KALA.BIOP.16.05.02 – List the properties of cones and rods. 5.1 Visual Coding 37. Rods are to ____ as cones are to ____. a. the periphery; the fovea b. red; blue c. vertebrates; invertebrates d. reading text; reading road signs Bloom’s: Analyze Visual Receptors: Rods and Cones KALA.BIOP.16.05.02 – List the properties of cones and rods. 5.1 Visual Coding 38. ____ modify the ____ sensitivity to different wavelengths of light. a. Retinol; photopigments b. Opsins; retinol c. Photopigments; opsins d. Opsins; photopigments Bloom’s: Understand Visual Receptors: Rods and Cones KALA.BIOP.16.05.02 – List the properties of cones and rods. 5.1 Visual Coding 39. Peripheral vision mainly depends upon ____. a. the fovea b. cones c. rods d. just a few receptors Bloom’s: Understand Visual Receptors: Rods and Cones KALA.BIOP.16.05.02 – List the properties of cones and rods. 5.1 Visual Coding 40. Night-active species are more likely than day-active species to have ____. a. better peripheral vision b. larger blind spots c. a greater rod to cone ratio d. a greater cone to rod ratio Bloom’s: Understand Visual Receptors: Rods and Cones KALA.BIOP.16.05.02 – List the properties of cones and rods. 5.1 Visual Coding 41. Why do humans perceive faint light better in the periphery of the eye? a. Receptors in the periphery are closer to the pupil. b. The fovea is closer to the retina’s blind spot than peripheral receptors. c. More receptors in the periphery than in the fovea funnel input to each ganglion cell. d. Ganglion cells in the periphery transmit their information to a larger brain area. Bloom’s: Understand The Eye and Its Connections to the Brain KALA.BIOP.16.05.02 – List the properties of cones and rods. 5.1 Visual Coding 42. Which receptors are responsible for the perception of color? a. cones only b. rods only c. both rods and cones d. horizontal and amacrine cells Bloom’s: Understand Color Vision KALA.BIOP.16.05.02 – List the properties of cones and rods. 5.1 Visual Coding 43. According to the trichromatic theory of color vision ____. a. there are only three rods and three cones in each eye b. there are only three colors of light in the world c. rods are important for perception of light colors d. our perception of color depends on the relative activity of three types of cones Bloom’s: Understand Color Vision KALA.BIOP.16.05.03 – Explain the main features of color vision. 5.1 Visual Coding 44. According to the Young-Helmholtz theory, what is the basis for color vision? a. a different receptor for each color b. three kinds of cones c. a single receptor that produces different responses for each color d. the combined influences of rods and cones Bloom’s: Understand Color Vision KALA.BIOP.16.05.03 – Explain the main features of color vision. 5.1 Visual Coding 45. According to the trichromatic theory of color vision, the most important factor in determining the color we see is the ____. a. velocity of the action potential b. absolute activity of a single cone c. difference between cone and rod activity d. relative activity of short, medium, and long wavelengths d Bloom’s: Understand Color Vision KALA.BIOP.16.05.03 – Explain the main features of color vision. 5.1 Visual Coding 46. The fact that all colors on older televisions were created by combining only three different colors of light supports the ____ theory of color vision. a. CRT b. opponent process c. retinex d. trichromatic Bloom’s: Analyze Color Vision KALA.BIOP.16.05.03 – Explain the main features of color vision. 5.1 Visual Coding 47. At the level of rods and cones, the ____ theory seems to fit best, while at the level of the bipolar cells, the ____ theory seems to fit best. a. opponent process; volley b. volley; trichromatic c. opponent process; trichromatic d. trichromatic; opponent process Bloom’s: Analyze Color Vision KALA.BIOP.16.05.03 – Explain the main features of color vision. 5.1 Visual Coding 48. After you stare at a bright green object for a minute and look away, you see red. Which theory attempts to explain this finding? a. Young-Helmholtz theory b. trichromatic theory c. opponent-process theory d. color-constancy theory Bloom’s: Understand Color Vision KALA.BIOP.16.05.03 – Explain the main features of color vision. 5.1 Visual Coding 49. Which theory of color vision is best able to explain negative color afterimages? a. retinex theory b. opponent-process theory c. trichromatic theory d. kodak theory Bloom’s: Understand Color Vision KALA.BIOP.16.05.03 – Explain the main features of color vision. 5.1 Visual Coding 50. Color constancy is the ability to ____. a. perceive all wavelengths as the same color b. see color, even in very faint light c. differentiate among many colors and hues d. recognize the color of an object despite changes in lighting Bloom’s: Understand Color Vision KALA.BIOP.16.05.03 – Explain the main features of color vision. 5.1 Visual Coding 51. Color and brightness constancy are best explained by the ____ theory of color vision. a. trichromatic b. opponent-process c. retinex d. constancy Bloom’s: Understand Color Vision KALA.BIOP.16.05.03 – Explain the main features of color vision. 5.1 Visual Coding 52. According to the retinex theory, we perceive color by ____. a. the relative activity of three kinds of cones b. contrasting the activity in one area of the visual field with that of the others c. a red vs. green system and a yellow vs. blue system d. detecting the velocity of action potentials from the eye Bloom’s: Understand Color Vision KALA.BIOP.16.05.03 – Explain the main features of color vision. 5.1 Visual Coding 53. Which theory can best explain why people that are wearing yellow-colored glasses can still identify the color of a green apple? a. trichromatic theory b. retinex theory c. opponent-process theory d. kodak theory Bloom’s: Analyze Color Vision KALA.BIOP.16.05.03 – Explain the main features of color vision. 5.1 Visual Coding 54. Difficulty distinguishing between ____ and ____ is the most common form of color vision deficiency. a. blue; yellow b. green; blue c. red; green d. red; blue Bloom’s: Understand Color Vision KALA.BIOP.16.05.03 – Explain the main features of color vision. 5.1 Visual Coding 55. The ability of some women to detect slightly finer discriminations of color than other women is most likely due to having ____. a. two types of long-wavelength cones b. more short-wavelength cones c. shorter optic nerves d. a larger cortex Bloom’s: Understand Color Vision KALA.BIOP.16.05.03 – Explain the main features of color vision. 5.1 Visual Coding 56. The most common form of color vision deficiency is due to ____. a. poor eyesight b. malformation of area V4 in the brain c. complete absence of one of the types of cones d. long- and medium-wavelength cones making the same photopigment Bloom’s: Understand Color Vision KALA.BIOP.16.05.03 – Explain the main features of color vision. 5.1 Visual Coding 57. ____ cells axons make up the optic nerve. a. Horizontal b. Amacrine c. Bipolar d. Ganglion Bloom’s: Understand An Overview of the Mammalian Visual System KALA.BIOP.16.05.04 – Trace the route of visual information from the retina to the cerebral cortex. 5.2 How the Brain Processes Visual Information 58. In foveal vision, ____. a. each ganglion cell excited by many receptors b. ganglion cells respond poorly to color vision c. ganglion cells respond well to dim light d. each ganglion cell is excited by a single cone Bloom’s: Understand An Overview of the Mammalian Visual System KALA.BIOP.16.05.04 – Trace the route of visual information from the retina to the cerebral cortex. 5.2 How the Brain Processes Visual Information 59. The optic nerves from the right and left eye initially meet at the ____. a. optic chiasm b. lateral geniculate nucleus c. hypothalamus d. cerebral cortex Bloom’s: Understand An Overview of the Mammalian Visual System KALA.BIOP.16.05.04 – Trace the route of visual information from the retina to the cerebral cortex. 5.2 How the Brain Processes Visual Information 60. Where does the optic nerve send most of its information? a. directly to the cerebral cortex b. to the lateral geniculate c. to the superior colliculus d. directly to the occipital lobe Bloom’s: Understand An Overview of the Mammalian Visual System KALA.BIOP.16.05.04 – Trace the route of visual information from the retina to the cerebral cortex. 5.2 How the Brain Processes Visual Information 61. The lateral geniculate nucleus is part of the ____. a. cerebral cortex b. superior colliculus c. inferior colliculus d. thalamus Bloom’s: Understand An Overview of the Mammalian Visual System KALA.BIOP.16.05.04 – Trace the route of visual information from the retina to the cerebral cortex. 5.2 How the Brain Processes Visual Information 62. Branches of the optic nerve go directly to what areas of the brain? a. lateral geniculate and cerebral cortex b. superior colliculus and cerebral cortex c. lateral geniculate and superior colliculus d. prefrontal cortex and occipital lobe Bloom’s: Understand An Overview of the Mammalian Visual System KALA.BIOP.16.05.04 – Trace the route of visual information from the retina to the cerebral cortex. 5.2 How the Brain Processes Visual Information 63. In the visual system, the ____ and ____ constantly feed information back and forth. a. thalamus; cortex b. thalamus; inferior geniculate c. inferior colliculus; thalamus d. thalamus; lateral colliculus Bloom’s: Analyze An Overview of the Mammalian Visual System KALA.BIOP.16.05.04 – Trace the route of visual information from the retina to the cerebral cortex. 5.2 How the Brain Processes Visual Information 64. Cutting the left optic nerve in front of the optic chiasm would result in blindness in the ____. a. right eye b. left eye c. peripheral vision of both eyes d. left visual field Bloom’s: Analyze An Overview of the Mammalian Visual System KALA.BIOP.16.05.04 – Trace the route of visual information from the retina to the cerebral cortex. 5.2 How the Brain Processes Visual Information 65. The enhancement of contrast at the edge of an object is the result of ____. a. lateral inhibition in the retina b. the diffraction of light from the edge’s surface c. fatigue of the rods and cones d. the color of the object Bloom’s: Understand Processing in the Retina KALA.BIOP.16.05.05 – Explain lateral inhibition in terms of the connections among neurons in the retina. 5.2 How the Brain Processes Visual Information 66. In the vertebrate retina, which cells are responsible for lateral inhibition? a. horizontal cells b. ganglion cells c. bipolar cells d. glial cells Bloom’s: Understand Processing in the Retina KALA.BIOP.16.05.05 – Explain lateral inhibition in terms of the connections among neurons in the retina. 5.2 How the Brain Processes Visual Information 67. Horizontal cells receive their input from ____, and they send output to ____. a. rods and cones; ganglion cells b. rods and cones; bipolar cells c. bipolar cells; ganglion cells d. cones; rods Bloom’s: Understand Processing in the Retina KALA.BIOP.16.05.05 – Explain lateral inhibition in terms of the connections among neurons in the retina. 5.2 How the Brain Processes Visual Information 68. Suppose someone has a genetic defect that prevents the formation of horizontal cells in the retina. Which visual phenomenon is most likely to be impaired? a. lateral inhibition b. movement perception c. dark adaptation d. size constancy Bloom’s: Analyze Processing in the Retina KALA.BIOP.16.05.05 – Explain lateral inhibition in terms of the connections among neurons in the retina. 5.2 How the Brain Processes Visual Information 69. What is responsible for sharpening contrast at visual borders? a. receptive fields b. lateral inhibition c. retinal disparity d. the direction in which the light shines Bloom’s: Understand Processing in the Retina KALA.BIOP.16.05.05 – Explain lateral inhibition in terms of the connections among neurons in the retina. 5.2 How the Brain Processes Visual Information 70. The receptive field of a receptor is the ____. a. point at which the optic nerve exits the retina b. axon hillock c. point in space from which light strikes the receptor d. point where light shines on, and excites, the visual cortex Bloom’s: Understand Further Processing KALA.BIOP.16.05.06 – Define and give examples of receptive fields. 5.2 How the Brain Processes Visual Information 71. The point in space from which light strikes the receptor is called the ____. a. stimulus field b. convergence field c. receptive field d. bipolar area Bloom’s: Analyze Further Processing KALA.BIOP.16.05.06 – Define and give examples of receptive fields. 5.2 How the Brain Processes Visual Information 72. The ____ of any neuron in the visual system is the area of the visual field that excites or inhibits it. a. stimulus field b. convergence field c. receptive field d. bipolar field Bloom’s: Analyze Further Processing KALA.BIOP.16.05.06 – Define and give examples of receptive fields. 5.2 How the Brain Processes Visual Information 73. The ability to detect movement better than color in our peripheral vision is largely due to ____. a. magnocellular neurons in the periphery b. parvocellular neurons tightly packed in the periphery c. no cones in the periphery d. the strength of the eye muscles Bloom’s: Understand Further Processing KALA.BIOP.16.05.04 – Trace the route of visual information from the retina to the cerebral cortex. 5.2 How the Brain Processes Visual Information 74. Parvocellular neurons most likely receive input from ____. a. magnocellular neurons b. rods c. bipolar cells that receive input from cones d. the periphery of the retina Bloom’s: Analyze Further Processing KALA.BIOP.16.05.04 – Trace the route of visual information from the retina to the cerebral cortex. 5.2 How the Brain Processes Visual Information 75. Being able to detect fine details of a color painting would depend most on which type of ganglion cells? a. parvocellular b. magnocellular c. koniocellular d. kodacellular Bloom’s: Analyze Further Processing KALA.BIOP.16.05.04 – Trace the route of visual information from the retina to the cerebral cortex. 5.2 How the Brain Processes Visual Information 76. Axons from the lateral geniculate extend to which area of the cerebral cortex? a. precentral gyrus b. postcentral gyrus c. prefrontal cortex d. occipital lobe Bloom’s: Understand Further Processing KALA.BIOP.16.05.04 – Trace the route of visual information from the retina to the cerebral cortex. 5.2 How the Brain Processes Visual Information 77. The primary visual cortex sends its information ____. a. to the lateral geniculate nucleus b. to area V1 c. to area V2 d. back to the retina Bloom’s: Understand The Primary Visual Cortex KALA.BIOP.16.05.04 – Trace the route of visual information from the retina to the cerebral cortex. 5.2 How the Brain Processes Visual Information 78. Cortical area ____ appears to be where conscious visual perception occurs. a. V4 b. V3 c. V2 d. V1 Bloom’s: Understand The Primary Visual Cortex KALA.BIOP.16.05.04 – Trace the route of visual information from the retina to the cerebral cortex. 5.2 How the Brain Processes Visual Information 79. The primary visual cortex is also known as the ____. a. lateral geniculate nucleus b. striate cortex c. area V2 d. parvocellular area Bloom’s: Understand The Primary Visual Cortex KALA.BIOP.16.05.04 – Trace the route of visual information from the retina to the cerebral cortex. 5.2 How the Brain Processes Visual Information 80. Visual information from the lateral geniculate area goes to the ____. a. retina b. primary visual cortex c. thalamus d. hypothalamus Bloom’s: Understand The Primary Visual Cortex KALA.BIOP.16.05.04 – Trace the route of visual information from the retina to the cerebral cortex. 5.2 How the Brain Processes Visual Information 81. Blindsight refers to ____. a. the ability to localize visual objects within an apparently blind visual field b. the ability to merge together information from both eyes even though they do not see the exact same picture c. improved hearing and touch in blind people d. the inability to see flashing light Bloom’s: Understand The Primary Visual Cortex KALA.BIOP.16.05.08 – Discuss specific deficits, such as impaired facial recognition or impaired motion perception, that can occur after damage to parts of the visual cortex. 5.2 How the Brain Processes Visual Information 82. Once information is sent to the secondary visual cortex, it ____. a. has reached its final processing destination b. may return to the primary visual cortex c. goes mostly to the primary motor cortex d. is sent back to the retina Bloom’s: Understand The Primary Visual Cortex KALA.BIOP.16.05.04 – Trace the route of visual information from the retina to the cerebral cortex. 5.2 How the Brain Processes Visual Information 83. Once within the cerebral cortex, the magnocellular pathway continues, with a ventral branch sensitive to ____. a. details of shape b. facial features c. movement d. brightness Bloom’s: Understand Further Processing KALA.BIOP.16.05.04 – Trace the route of visual information from the retina to the cerebral cortex. 5.2 How the Brain Processes Visual Information 84. Once within the cerebral cortex, the magnocellular pathway continues, with a dorsal branch important for ____. a. details of shape b. color and brightness c. movement d. integrating vision with action Bloom’s: Understand Further Processing KALA.BIOP.16.05.04 – Trace the route of visual information from the retina to the cerebral cortex. 5.2 How the Brain Processes Visual Information 85. Once within the cerebral cortex, a mixed pathway of magnocellular and parvocellular cells is important for ____. a. brightness and color b. integrating vision with action c. details of shape d. distinguishing facial features Bloom’s: Understand Further Processing KALA.BIOP.16.05.04 – Trace the route of visual information from the retina to the cerebral cortex. 5.2 How the Brain Processes Visual Information 86. The visual paths in the temporal cortex collectively are referred to as the ____. a. ventral stream b. dorsal stream c. lateral stream d. magnoparvocellular pathway Bloom’s: Understand The Ventral and Dorsal Paths KALA.BIOP.16.05.04 – Trace the route of visual information from the retina to the cerebral cortex. KALA.BIOP.16.05.04 87. The visual path in the parietal cortex is referred to as the ____. a. ventral stream b. dorsal stream c. parvocellular pathway d. magnocellular pathway Bloom’s: Understand The Ventral and Dorsal Paths KALA.BIOP.16.05.04 – Trace the route of visual information from the retina to the cerebral cortex. 5.3 Parallel Processing in the Visual Cortex 88. Damage to the ventral stream may interfere with ____. a. the ability to describe the shape or size of an object b. walking toward something seen c. reaching to grasp an object d. perceiving whether the lights are on or off Bloom’s: Understand The Ventral and Dorsal Paths KALA.BIOP.16.05.08 – Discuss specific deficits, such as impaired facial recognition or impaired motion perception, that can occur after damage to parts of the visual cortex. 5.3 Parallel Processing in the Visual Cortex 89. Damage to the dorsal stream may interfere with ____. a. describing what is seen b. perceiving the movement of an object c. remembering something seen at a previous time d. reaching out to grasp an object Bloom’s: Understand The Ventral and Dorsal Paths KALA.BIOP.16.05.08 – Discuss specific deficits, such as impaired facial recognition or impaired motion perception, that can occur after damage to parts of the visual cortex. 5.3 Parallel Processing in the Visual Cortex 90. What is the shape of the receptive field to which a simple cell in the primary visual cortex responds? a. circle of a particular radius b. circle with a hole in the middle c. bar in a particular orientation d. bar of a particular length Bloom’s: Understand The Primary Visual Cortex KALA.BIOP.16.05.06 – Define and give examples of receptive fields. 5.2 How the Brain Processes Visual Information 91. What type of cell responds to a pattern of light in a particular orientation anywhere within its large receptive field, regardless of the exact location of the stimulus? a. simple b. complex c. bipolar d. ganglion Bloom’s: Understand The Primary Visual Cortex KALA.BIOP.16.05.06 – Define and give examples of receptive fields. 5.2 How the Brain Processes Visual Information 92. Which cell responds most strongly to a stimulus moving perpendicular to its axis? a. simple b. complex c. lateral geniculate d. ganglion Bloom’s: Understand The Primary Visual Cortex KALA.BIOP.16.05.06 – Define and give examples of receptive fields. 5.2 How the Brain Processes Visual Information 93. What is one way to determine whether a given cell in the primary visual cortex is “simple” or “complex”? a. the shape of its receptive field b. whether its receptive field is monocular or binocular c. whether it can respond equally to lines in more than one location d. whether it is sensitive to the orientation of the stimulus Bloom’s: Understand The Primary Visual Cortex KALA.BIOP.16.05.06 – Define and give examples of receptive fields. 5.2 How the Brain Processes Visual Information 94. The one additional feature that hypercomplex cells have that complex cells do not is that hypercomplex cells ____. a. respond to their receptive field faster b. have a strong inhibitory area at one end of its receptive field c. have receptive fields that are triangular d. respond to bars of light in more than one orientation Bloom’s: Understand The Primary Visual Cortex KALA.BIOP.16.05.06 – Define and give examples of receptive fields. 5.2 How the Brain Processes Visual Information 95. ____ respond to a particular feature of a stimulus. a. Hypercomplex cells b. Magnocellular cells c. Feature detectors d. Shape detectors Bloom’s: Understand The Primary Visual Cortex KALA.BIOP.16.05.06 – Define and give examples of receptive fields. 5.2 How the Brain Processes Visual Information 96. V1 neurons would be most strongly activated by viewing ____. a. the letter T b. a circle c. repeating stripes on a flag d. a single bar of light Bloom’s: Analyze The Primary Visual Cortex KALA.BIOP.16.05.06 – Define and give examples of receptive fields. 5.2 How the Brain Processes Visual Information 97. Which structure has the largest receptive fields and the greatest preferential sensitivity to highly complex visual patterns, such as faces? a. inferior temporal cortex b. superior colliculus c. lateral geniculate d. striate cortex Bloom’s: Understand The Primary Visual Cortex KALA.BIOP.16.05.06 – Define and give examples of receptive fields. 5.2 How the Brain Processes Visual Information 98. Cells in the inferior temporal cortex that are sensitive to a particular shape are also likely to respond to the shape’s ____. a. figure-ground reversal b. color c. motion d. mirror-reversal Bloom’s: Understand The Primary Visual Cortex KALA.BIOP.16.05.06 – Define and give examples of receptive fields. 5.2 How the Brain Processes Visual Information 99. An inability to recognize objects despite otherwise satisfactory vision is called ____. a. visual agnosia b. blindsight c. prosopagnosia d. hemianopsia Bloom’s: Understand Detailed Analysis of Shape KALA.BIOP.16.05.08 – Discuss specific deficits, such as impaired facial recognition or impaired motion perception, that can occur after damage to parts of the visual cortex. 5.3 Parallel Processing in the Visual Cortex 100. To what does “shape constancy” refer? a. All neurons within a single column have the same shape of dendritic tree. b. We can recognize objects even at different orientations. c. Objects described from memory appear more symmetrical than in reality. d. We see certain shapes the same way throughout our lives regardless of age. Bloom’s: Understand Detailed Analysis of Shape KALA.BIOP.16.05.04 – Trace the route of visual information from the retina to the cerebral cortex. 5.3 Parallel Processing in the Visual Cortex 101. A person with visual agnosia is unable to ____. a. perceive colors b. point to objects c. recognize visual objects d. see Bloom’s: Understand Detailed Analysis of Shape KALA.BIOP.16.05.08 – Discuss specific deficits, such as impaired facial recognition or impaired motion perception, that can occur after damage to parts of the visual cortex. 5.3 Parallel Processing in the Visual Cortex 102. Someone with prosopagnosia has difficulty with ____. a. focusing on colored objects b. seeing items located in the left visual field c. recognizing faces d. processing information from more than one sensory modality at a time Bloom’s: Understand Detailed Analysis of Shape KALA.BIOP.16.05.08 – Discuss specific deficits, such as impaired facial recognition or impaired motion perception, that can occur after damage to parts of the visual cortex. 5.3 Parallel Processing in the Visual Cortex 103. In addition to having difficulty recognizing faces, people with prosopagnosia may have difficulty____. a. reading b. with all types of memory c. recognizing colors d. recognizing different kinds of plants and animals Bloom’s: Understand Detailed Analysis of Shape KALA.BIOP.16.05.08 – Discuss specific deficits, such as impaired facial recognition or impaired motion perception, that can occur after damage to parts of the visual cortex. 5.3 Parallel Processing in the Visual Cortex 104. Area ____ is particularly important for color constancy. a. V1 b. V2 c. V3 d. V4 Bloom’s: Understand Color Perception KALA.BIOP.16.05.04 – Trace the route of visual information from the retina to the cerebral cortex. 5.3 Parallel Processing in the Visual Cortex 105. When cells in the middle temporal cortex respond to visual stimuli, their response depends mostly on the ____. a. speed and direction of movement b. exact shape of the object c. color and brightness of the object d. exact location of the object in visual space Bloom’s: Understand Motion Perception KALA.BIOP.16.05.04 – Trace the route of visual information from the retina to the cerebral cortex. 5.3 Parallel Processing in the Visual Cortex 106. Damage to the magnocellular pathway would most likely lead to the loss of ____. a. color vision b. shape perception c. color constancy d. motion perception Bloom’s: Understand Motion Perception KALA.BIOP.16.05.08 – Discuss specific deficits, such as impaired facial recognition or impaired motion perception, that can occur after damage to parts of the visual cortex. 5.3 Parallel Processing in the Visual Cortex 107. Which of the following would be easiest for someone who is motion blind? a. dressing themselves b. driving a car c. taking the dog for a walk d. filling a pitcher with water Bloom’s: Analyze Motion Perception KALA.BIOP.16.05.08 – Discuss specific deficits, such as impaired facial recognition or impaired motion perception, that can occur after damage to parts of the visual cortex. 5.3 Parallel Processing in the Visual Cortex 108. Human newborns come into the world predisposed to pay more attention to ____ than any other stationary displays. a. toys b. balloons c. faces d. dogs Bloom’s: Understand Detailed Analysis of Shape KALA.BIOP.16.05.07 – Describe research on how experiences alter development of the visual cortex. 5.3 Parallel Processing in the Visual Cortex 109. Cortical neurons in the visual cortex of a kitten or a cat will lose the ability to respond to stimuli in one eye if the eye is sutured shut for ____. a. the first week after birth b. the first month of life c. any two month period in adult life d. the third and fourth months of life Bloom’s: Understand Development of the Visual Cortex KALA.BIOP.16.05.07 – Describe research on how experiences alter development of the visual cortex. 5.2 How the Brain Processes Visual Information 110. Stereoscopic depth perception requires the brain to detect ____. a. amblyopia b. retinal disparity c. strabismus d. contrasting imagery Bloom’s: Understand Development of the Visual Cortex KALA.BIOP.16.05.04 – Trace the route of visual information from the retina to the cerebral cortex. 5.2 How the Brain Processes Visual Information 111. In depth perception, different views are received by each eye, depending on the distance of the object being viewed. What is this called? a. retinal disparity b. amblyopic differential c. astigmatic contrast d. contrasting imagery Bloom’s: Understand Development of the Visual Cortex KALA.BIOP.16.05.04 – Trace the route of visual information from the retina to the cerebral cortex. 5.2 How the Brain Processes Visual Information 112. What is strabismus? a. a failure of the two eyes to focus on the same thing at the same time b. a blurring of vision caused by asymmetrical curvature of the eye c. stereoscopic depth perception d. the ability to perceive a flashing light as if it were a moving object Bloom’s: Understand Development of the Visual Cortex KALA.BIOP.16.05.08 – Discuss specific deficits, such as impaired facial recognition or impaired motion perception, that can occur after damage to parts of the visual cortex. 5.2 How the Brain Processes Visual Information 113. Astigmatism refers to the ____. a. sensitive period for development of vision b. ability to see horizontal and vertical lines c. asymmetric curvature of eyes d. inability to detect motion Bloom’s: Understand Development of the Visual Cortex KALA.BIOP.16.05.08 – Discuss specific deficits, such as impaired facial recognition or impaired motion perception, that can occur after damage to parts of the visual cortex. 5.2 How the Brain Processes Visual Information 114. Infants with cataracts need to have surgical repair ____. a. as early as possible b. before they begin school c. if it does not fix itself d. when they are old enough to recover from surgery Bloom’s: Understand Development of the Visual Cortex KALA.BIOP.16.05.07 – Describe research on how experiences alter development of the visual cortex. 5.2 How the Brain Processes Visual Information 115. What would be the likely outcome of a person who was blind at birth, and had vision restored later in life by the removal of cataracts (clouded lenses)? a. quick development of normal vision b. trouble describing the shapes of objects c. trouble identifying the location of light d. inability to use touch and sound cues to maneuver around in a building 116. Describe the trichromatic, opponent-process, and retinex theories of color vision. 117. What is prosopagnosia? 118. Describe the functional and anatomic differences between rods and cones. 119. Describe the difference between parvocellular and magnocellular neurons and pathways. 5.2 How the Brain Processes Visual Information 120. Describe the key functions of the major pathways in the visual cortex.