Why is history important to religion: code, canon, creed, community, culture
o Why is history important to religion: code, canon, creed, community, culture
o The history of the Church starts with the Acts of the Apostles
How did the early Church grow; how was it organized
Main characters are Peter and Paul
o Type of Church structure for 1st century Christians:
organized around the bishop,
small house churches,
each autonomous,
shared meals
o Stability & order were vital for Romans Christianity threatened that
o 4 groups within early Christianity
1. remain within Judaism, circumcision, dietary laws
2. no circumcision, modified dietary laws
3. no circumcision, minimum dietary laws
4. total break with Judaism
o In the early Churchleadership developed
After the Apostles local leaders were bishops
Concern that the leaders had some kind of connection with the Apostles, but not as we think of it today w/bishops as successors
o Formation of the Creed:
I believe
established as the definition of orthodoxy
fundamental statement of what it means to be a Christian
o 3rd century shift to Rome as the decision maker within the Church
o Constantine Christianity became legal under Constantine 312 CE.
o Under Theodosius Christianity became the official religion of the Empire 380 CE.
o After 3rd century, the Mass became more of liturgy, less of a shared meal
o Main heresy within the Church in the early 4th century was the Arian heresy which questioned the nature of Jesus.
Taught that Jesus was greater than human beings, but less than God.
Condemned by the Council of Nicea in 325 CE.
o Collapse of the Western Empire 476 CE caused by pressure from the barbarians
As the barbarians pushed closer to Rome, the legions were pulled back to defend the homeland
As the legions left, the stability and order they had maintained collapsed
o Popes became effectively the secular rulers of central Italy
o Monasticism
Began in the East
Moved to British Isles
Missionaries who preserved learning in Europe during the Dark Ages were from Ireland and Scotland
o Charlemagne
Became the 1st Emperor of the Romans in 800 AD
Ruled both Empire and papacy
After Charlemagnes death Empire began to go downhill
Church also weakened
Simony & lay investiture major problems
o After Charlemagne, who rules the West Pope or Emperor?
Both the Empire and the papacy declinedafter the death of Charlemagne when his sons started fighting over who got what
o Secular world revived 1st
Otto the Great crowned Holy Roman Emperor in the late 10th century
Primarily German
Otto manipulated the Church to strengthen the Empire
Bishops were often noble & owed feudal loyalty (lay investiture problem)
o Simony buying or selling Church offices
o Lay investiture bishops were selected by secular rulers & received their symbols of office from them.
Meant that the bishops were now responsible to their secular lords.
o Gregory VII (Hildebrand) first claimed the authority of the Pope to command everyone, including secular rulers
o Crusades
o Pope Urban IIcalled for a Crusade in 1095 for the nobles of Europe to free the Holy Land from the infidels, because he saw this as a chance to reunite the E & W Empires, with the Pope as the head.
Also a chance to let off some of the hostility of the European nobles, who were in a semi-constant state of warfare with each other.
Preserve the Holy Land from the Saracens
Generally ineffective
Kingdom of Jerusalem only lasted about 200 years
Seen as a way to get rid of temporal punishment for sin (purgatory)
o Innocent III
Greatest of the medieval popes
Made Emperors and dominated kings
Excommunicated those who opposed him
Developed & codified canon law
o Christianity divided into East & West 13th century
o Nature of the Church in the 14th century
70 million people
Pope in overall charge
Bishops doing the work
Lay investiture settled, simony still a problem
Priests forbidden to marry
Mass a spectator event
o 1300 1650
Popes in charge
Boniface VIII Unam Sanctam said everyone was subject to the pope
Battles between Popes & secular rulers
Avignon papacy
Black Death decimated Europe
o Great Schism
3 claimants to the papacy
Settled by the Council of Constance
Council defined Counciliarism: Said Popes were subject to a General Council
o Martin Luther
Augustinian monk
Problems with his ideas that salvation was by good works.
Felt he was so wicked he couldnt do anything good
Romans 1:17 allowed him to develop the idea that justification was by faith, not good works
Disturbed by the Churchs policy on indulgences
Seemed to be buying your way to heaven
95 theses seen as attacks on the papacy
Luther did not intend to leave the Catholic Church
Tried to work within the system to generate discussion, but this was seen as attacks on the Church and the papacy
o Protestantism spread rapidly because of
Simple liturgy
Reception of both bread & wine
Language of the people
Only 2 sacraments: Baptism, Eucharist
Based on Scripture alone
o Dialog attempted at Regensburg in 1541 Protestants wanted the following concessions:
Married clergy
Communion in both forms
Freedom to refer to the Real presence without calling it transubstantiation
Freedom from papal jurisdiction
o Peace of Augsberg (1555) recognized both Catholicism and Lutheranism in Germany
o Calvinism became the most widespread form of Protestantism, and also the most radical.
o Council of Trent (1545)
Rejected Luthers idea of justification by faith alone
Salvation is through both faith and good works
Mankind is not totally corrupted by original sin
Reaffirmed the 7 sacraments
Good works had to be accomplished in cooperation with Gods grace
Reaffirmed multiple doctrinal issues
Acknowledged the supremacy of the pope over a Council
o 18th Century
French Revolution
Move against both secular and religious authority
Started as a move to a constitutional monarchy
The mob got out of hand
Attempted to reform the Church
o Napoleon&Pius VII reached an uneasy agreement in the Concordat of1801
Napoleon would appoint bishops
Pope would consecrate them
Clergy paid by the state
Church waived all claims to property confiscated by the Revolution
Clergy subject to civil law
Napoleon thought this the most important
o Early 18th century
Church in a siege mentality
Opposed to anything that smelled of liberalism or change from the decrees of Trent or Thomistic theology
Liberalism was seen as any attempt to modernize the Church in interpretation of Scripture or teaching authority
o Pius IX
Defined the Doctrine of the Immaculate Conception in 1854
Mary was conceived without the stain of original sin
Syllabus of Errors 1864 in response to the perceived threat of liberalism the Pope doesnt have to adapt to anything to do with progress, liberalism, or modern civilization
Growth of ultramontanism (total focus on the idea of papal supremacy)
Called the 1st Vatican Council 1869
Defined the doctrine of papal infallibility
+ Pope must speak ex cathedra (as the head of the Catholic Church)
+ Must be a matter of faith or morals
+ Vatican II added that he must speak on behalf of the whole Church
o Liberalism
Pius IX was strongly opposed to any attempts to modernize the Church, which he saw as a major form of liberalism
In 1864, he issued the Syllabus of Errors which specifically condemned those ideas he saw as liberalism.
o Rerum Novarumwas the first of the great Social Justice encyclicals. The main points were:
Right to private property
Family as the primary social unit
Right to a living wage
Right of the worker to organize
Right to practice religion
Class conflict is not inevitable
o The Church in America
Started by missionaries from Europe, primarily Spanish and French
One of the main figures who tried to protect the Indians rights was Bishop Bartoleme de las Casas.
The concept of repartimientodivided up the Indians and their towns among the original Spanish. These Indians became encomiendas people assigned to the Spaniard who had gotten the land grant.
The Spanish were focused on gold and treasure, the French on the fish and fur trade
Generally a failure because the missionaries ignored the culture of the Indians, and were not supported from home
John Carroll 1st bishop established the American Catholic Church
Problems with lay Trusteeism
Wealthy laymen would donate land to the Church but kept control
Attempt by the laity to control Church property and appoint pastors
Wanted to run the parishes
o Separation of Church and State
1st Amendment says there will be no state established (i.e. tax supported) religion
U.S. is unique
American Catholicism is not understood in Europe
o Waves of immigration in the mid 1800s
Multiplied the U.S. Catholic population immensely
o The Nativists in American society saw immigrants as taking their jobs and as a threat to the economy
o American Catholicism after the Civil War
Organized in ethnic enclaves/ghettos
Defensive crouch
o Conflict within the American Church
Archbishop John Ireland
Republican
Opposed to parochial schools
No conflict being both American and Catholic
Archbishop Michael Corrigan
Democrat
Favored parochial schools
Saw Americanism as a threat to the faith
Nature of the schools/ German vs. Irish conflicts
o Americanism
No conflict between being a good Catholic & a good American
Made Rome nervous because of perceived liberalism
Leo XIII issued encyclical Testem Benevolentiae
Condemned Americanist ideas as liberalism
American Church (Cardinal Gibbons) convinced Leo it didnt apply
o Early 20th century
Immigrants moved to the middle class
Breakdown of the ethnic enclaves
Interethnic marriages
WWI helped to reduce anti-Catholic attitude
JFK elected president
Test 2
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