NAME: PRAC CLASS: ANAT 2008: PRINCIPLES OF HISTOLOGY Practical Book 2021 Discipline of Anatomy & Histology University of Sydney NSW 2006 Course Coordinators and Editors: Dr Samson Dowland sam.dowland@sydney.edu.au Dr Katie Dixon katie.dixon@sydney.edu.au INTRODUCTION FOR ANAT2008 PRACTICAL CLASSES REQUIREMENTS FOR PRAC CLASSES No videoing or recording of the lectures or practical classes are permitted. Recordings are made of the lectures and are available on Canvas. The practical sessions are designed to allow sufficient time to take notes as well as the opportunity to ask the tutors questions after the talk. 1. TEXTBOOKS The textbook is HISTOLOGY: A TEXT AND ATLAS by W. Pawlina (Wolters Kluwer Health, 8th edition 2019). It is recommended that this textbook is purchased prior to the first practical class. The online version of this textbook is provided by the University Library and a link is available on Canvas. 2. PRACTICAL BOOK Students will build a record of their histological study throughout semester. Each topic will have a set of practical notes, which can be combined into a practical book. The practical notes will be available on Canvas for each topic and should be printed out prior to class. It is the student’s responsibility to bring the copy of the practical notes to the appropriate class. The practical notes are essential for each class. The Histology exercises refer either to slides in the Discipline Collection (see below) or to images in Pawlina, unless otherwise specified. The images required for practical exercises are identified by a figure number followed by a page reference in brackets, e.g. Fig. 9.5 (279). The Practical Book provides a permanent record of your observations and answers to the questions and is a valuable resource for revision. The practical book does not get handed in or marked. IMPORTANT NOTE: The only students permitted to use practical books that have already been worked in are repeating students who are updating their own books. In all other cases, the use of other people’s books constitutes plagiarism and is therefore not allowed. 3. SLIDE COLLECTION General Collection This course uses sets of histological slides, which can be examined under the microscope. The departmental slide collection has been prepared over many years from tissues donated from many sources. It is your responsibility to care for these slides and ensure they are kept in good condition for others to use. There are two labels on each slide. One is a departmental code describing species, organ and preparative method. The other label indicates the exact location of the slide. The colour of the label corresponds to the colour of one of the spots on the box in which it is located. The numbers on the label indicate the correct position of the slide in the slide box and the particular box in which the slide is kept. For example, Slide Orange 3/128 is in box 128 with an orange spot. Please adhere to this system. Please check that no slide is left on your microscope. A SECURITY DEVICE IS IN OPERATION IN THE TEACHING LABORATORIES. ANY STUDENT ACTIVATING THIS DEVICE WITH UNIVERSITY PROPERTY WILL AUTOMATICALLY BE REFERRED TO THE VICE-CHANCELLOR ON A PROCTORIAL MATTER. NO EXCUSES WILL BE ACCEPTED. NB. Students may not eat or drink in the laboratories. 4. ATTENDANCE AT PRACTICAL CLASSES PLEASE NOTE: ATTENDANCE IN PRACTICAL CLASSES IS NOT MANDATORY IN 2021 DUE TO THE CONTINUING COVID-19 SITUATION. IF YOU FEEL UNWELL, PLEASE DO NOT COME TO CLASS. There will be opportunities to catch up on any work that is missed. However, it is strongly encouraged that you attend all practical classes and complete all practical exercises. These classes are essential for developing a full understanding of the course material and to perform sufficiently in the final exams. It is a good idea to attempt any questions not requiring the class slide collection prior to the prac class to optimise time in class using the slides. Throughout the semester there will be time in some practical classes to complete unfinished work or begin revision. Due to the large number of students in this course, the allocation of practical classes is completed by the timetable unit. There is no changing of practical classes unless there is a documented clash with another subject. In order to arrange this you need to contact the timetable unit. 5. ARRANGEMENTS FOR REVISION Due to the large number of students enrolled in ANAT2008, students will only be permitted to attend their allocated practical class. Unfortunately due to funding constraints and WHS considerations, histology laboratories will not be opened outside of normal class hours. Revision sessions will be run during stuvac, further details will be provided. Under no circumstances will students be allowed to attend sessions other than those allocated to them. There is ample time during semester to complete the exercises in the practical book. If a practical session is missed, it is advised that these exercises be completed upon returning to class. Tutors will be able to answer questions related to work in previous weeks. 6. DEPARTMENTAL NOTICES ON CANVAS Information pertaining to this course is available via Canvas. It is the responsibility of the individual students to check this regularly and to read carefully the information displayed. Communication will also be made via university email. EXAMINATIONS NB: any changes to the following information will be displayed on Canvas. The current method of examination is as follows: In-semester online theory quizzes will be completed on Canvas (10mins and 5% each) and will be worth 15% of the final marks in total. The mid-semester prac quiz (30mins) will include both theory and prac questions and will be worth 15% of the final marks. The final theory examination (60mins, plus 10mins reading time) will be worth 35% of the final marks. The final practical examination (60mins, plus 10mins reading time) will be worth 35% of the final marks. Students must pass both theory and practical examinations to pass the course overall. Marks allocated to each section of the course (e.g. cytology, etc.) reflect the approximate time spent on that section relative to the course as a whole. Assessment Name Assessment Category Assessment Type Exam/Quiz Type Individual/ Group Length/ Duration Weight Online Theory Quizzes Quiz In‐Semester Quiz Canvas Quiz Individual 10mins each 5% each (15% total) Mid‐ Semester Prac Quiz Quiz In‐Semester Quiz MCQ questions Short answer Individual 30mins 15% Final Exam ‐ Theory Exam Final Exam MCQ questions Individual 60mins 35% Final Exam ‐ Prac Exam Final Exam Short answer Individual 60mins 35% 1. Theory Examinations The theory questions consist solely of multiple choice (MCQ) type questions and approximately half a minute is allowed per question. Only one answer applies to each question and there is no negative marking. The final theory exam is supervised by the Registrar’s Office 2. Practical Examinations Students will be expected to recognise and answer questions on structures in slides and in electron micrographs. Diagrams and other illustrative material may also be included in the practical examination. The number of marks per question is shown on the examination paper and as a rough guide, one mark is equivalent to one minute of examination time. Each section of the examination is usually marked by the lecturer concerned. Students should ensure that they are fully conversant with the operation of the light microscope as no assistance with setting up and use of the microscope will be given during practical examinations. Please check Canvas closer to the examinations period for location of the practical examination. There may be several sessions of practical exams to accommodate the large number of students in this course. Please allow at least 3 hours from the start of the exam sessions to allow for waiting time. Note that these exams could be at any time during the examination period and as such please delay any travel until after the examination period. No special consideration will be given under these circumstances. 1. Examination Results and Additional Information Students will be advised of their formal results in the period after the semester exams. In cases of Special Consideration a replacement examination may be granted. These are run by the faculty. The replacement practical exam will involve the use of slides and microscopes as well as diagrams and illustrative material. The replacement theory exam will involve M/C questions, short and long answer questions. If you are awarded a replacement examination, then you must attend this alternate date. The results from the original examination (for which Special Consideration was sought) will not be recorded. In the unlikely event of a second replacement exam, this will occur at a date/time to be advised and is an oral exam in the presence of at least 2 academic members of staff. Practical and theory questions will be asked from illustrative material and/or slides (which will need to be viewed using a microscope). The further testing, if any, will be as soon as possible after the end of semester exams and will be confined to one session only. In the case of replacement exams the course coordinators will contact students by email to provide information on the format, location and other details of this further testing. IMPORTANT NOTE There is a strict examination cheating policy enforced by The University of Sydney (see website for details). No cheating in any assessment will be tolerated and may lead to expulsion from the course and disciplinary action taken by the university. In the past, several incidences have led to disciplinary action. INSTRUCTIONS GIVEN TO STUDENTS ON FRONT PAGE OF THE THEORY EXAMINATION BOOKLET ALL QUESTIONS TO BE ATTEMPTED. ALL ANSWERS ARE OF EQUAL VALUE This paper contains xxx questions of the Multiple Choice type. Each question has five possible answers – a to e. Each question has only ONE correct answer. Note that some sets of answers are used for multiple questions. Each question should be treated independently. The answers should be entered directly onto the answer sheet. Answers written in the question booklet will not be marked or transcribed to an answer sheet for machine marking. When filling in the answer sheet always check the question number before filling in the circle. The circles should be blocked in BOLDLY and completely with a 2B lead pencil. Any erasures must be complete. Incomplete erasures (i.e. pencil smudges) may be detected by the marking sensor and scored as wrong answers. POINTERS FOR PRACTICAL EXAMINATIONS, (Or how not to make silly mistakes!) Please note that slides you are asked to identify in a practical examination may not be the same slides as those looked at in class. They may be from different species, stained differently, or cut in a different direction. However, they will be no more difficult to interpret than the class slides if you know your work. They are not labelled in the same way as your class slide collection. The following suggestions should help students during the final exam and in the practical quizzes. 1. Check that the number on the slide is the same as the slide number in the question, and that you have read the number the right way up. The example shown is Slide 61, not Slide 19. Also ensure that the slide is the correct way up, that is, the coverslip is on the top. 2. Look at the section with the naked eye to see its overall topography. Some tissues and organs can be identified this way although, of course, you must check with the microscope. 3. Quickly look at the entire section under low power to check whether there is one or more than one organ on the slide, and to check for distinguishing features. 4. Know the definitive features that distinguish one organ from another. 5. Do not extrapolate beyond what is on the slide. 6. Use your common sense when you look at the section. Hair follicles are not found in the trachea, or the uterus, or the skin of a lizard. Sperm are not found in sweat glands. Number Cover slip 61 7. Answer questions concisely, usually with one or two words or a short descriptive phrase. A long rigmarole will almost certainly introduce errors that could cost you marks. 8. Give only one answer to each question, e.g. do not identify a tissue as “cartilage or bone” and the cells within it as “chondrocytes or osteocytes”. Even if one set of alternatives is correct, you will get no marks because you could not decide which was the right answer. 9. Tissues are components of organs, e.g. the trachea (an organ) contains several tissues including epithelial lining, cartilage, loose connective tissue, glandular tissue, etc. If a question refers to one of these tissues specifically, so too must your answer. 10. A hollow organ such as the trachea has an epithelial lining that forms its inner surface. An outer surface has a covering. For example, a bone is covered by periosteum and lined by endosteum. However, a block of tissue may have been taken from the wall of a hollow organ: a section from this block of tissue will be covered on one side by the epithelium that lines the organ as a whole. (Note also that some text books etc. use the term “lining” incorrectly to denote an outer covering.) We do our best to construct questions so that you will have no doubt about their meaning. 11. When referring to connective tissues, distinguish between the cells and the non- cellular (or acellular) matrix in which the cells are embedded. Both the cells and the matrix constitute the tissue. When asked for the components of a matrix, mention ground substance and fibrous component etc. but not cells or blood vessels. 12. Take care with planes of section. In some courses questions may be asked about planes of section specifically, but all students of Histology should understand them. Planes of section are also a matter of common sense, e.g. a tubular object cannot have an equatorial plane of section because it has no equator. On the other hand, an equatorial section is probably the one clearly identifiable plane of section through a red blood cell. 13. With all questions, in theory as well as practical examinations, read all parts of the question very carefully, paying particular attention to “words that describe”. e.g. cells in the granular cell layer of the epidermis are packed with keratohyalin granules, not melanin granules. EXAMPLE OF PRACTICAL EXAMINATION QUESTIONS Question 1 (5 marks) Identify labels on the diagram. Question 2 (5 marks) Identify labels on the micrograph https://www.shutterstock.com/image-photo/light-micrograph-crosssectioned-muscular-artery-showing-223918411 Question 3 (2 marks) Identify the vessel in question 2, give 1 reason for your answer A B C D E ANSWERS TO PRACTICAL QUESTIONS Question 1 (5 marks) A – lumen B – secretory granules C – rough endoplasmic reticulum D – basal lamina (not basement membrane) E – golgi Question 2 (5 marks) A – red blood cells B – tunica intima (endothelial cells) C – tunica media D – tunica adventitia E – internal elastic lamina Question 3 (2 marks) Medium muscular artery Reason: mainly smooth muscle cells in tunica media
