Fundamentals of Argument Deconstruction The goal of most of these assignments throughout the course is to strengthen your ability to deconstruct weak arguments you encounter and construct irrefutable arguments based upon sound reasoning. The first assignment in each module is basic and involves some definitions, the rest of the assignments will be applying the new knowledge and skills. means to take something apart and look at its fundamental components to understand how it works (or doesnt). The basic format for argument deconstruction is to outline in simple terms the major premises and state the conclusion. A premise is a statement of fact that supports an argument, for example, Premise 1 (Major): All humans are mortal Premise 2 (Minor) : You are a human. Conclusion: therfore, you are mortal If the premises are all true and the argument valid then you can support the claim, but if any of the premises are untrue as stated or the argument is invalid then you have refuted the claim. This may sound simple but it can be vexing. Many professional rhetoricians, pundits and salespeople have many tricks to fool you but in the course of this course you will learn to be less often fooled, of course. 1) cleary state each of the the premises 2) state the conclusion 3) and then you need to provide evidence to support or disprove the premises or, if the argument is invalid, provide the correct diagnosis of the logical fallacy or mistake in the argument structure. In terms of evidence you will need at least one bullet proof source for evidence. Sources must be evaluated for bias and facts checked. You are safest using peer reviewed journals as your sources. You can use t to begin with and we will explore this in greater detail as the course goes on. You will provide citations for your sources following a standard citation format of your choice. As a review you can check out for quick guidelines. Being able to recognize when someone is making an argument and then to tease apart the premises and conclusion is a critical skill that takes a lot of practice to master. Keep in mind an argument is not a passionate support of opposing opinions as common use of the term may indicate, and to the best of your ability you should try to keep emotions out of the process or bias will creep in. just means the logic structure follows the rules of logic and assumes the premises are true. means that the logic rules have been followed and the premises are proven true. I would add that you must have empirical evidence that the premises are true for this to be scientific as well. Thus you can have an argument that is Valid but not sound is you can prove one of the premises to be untrue. For example, All cars run on gas A Tesla is a car A Tesla runs on gas This argument is valid, in that, if the premises were true the conclusion would follow, however, one of the premises is untrue and thus the argument is not sound; valid, but not sound. As evidence to refute this argument I would provide a few electric car examples like those made by Tesla. How about another example: Either you are a liberal or you are a conservative. You do not espouse all the views of a liberal therefore, you are a conservative Neither of the premises are true in this case, the first is called a , a type of logical fallacy that over simplifies a complex issue to 2 opposing choices, and the second premise assumes an all or nothing commitment to belong to a particular political movement which is a form of logical fallacy. We will study all they are powerful tools of refutation. This argument is not sound since the premises are untrue but it is also invalid because the the minor premise assumes that one must espouse all view to be a member of either movement, which is not true, thus the conclusion does not follow from the premises. 1. Syllogism (Aristotle) 2. Deduction 3. Induction 4. Abduction
