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SOC300-Assigment1-Liang-Wang
The Severity of Poverty in China
Professor Marcella Wilhoite / SOC300 (Strayer University)
Abstract
China is the worlds largest developing country, but also has a terrible problem of poverty. In the 30 years of reform and opening up China to the world, with the economic growth and the government publishes various strategies for dealing with massive urban poverty, joblessness, and poor housing. The urban poor can influence politics and the political expression among the urban poor has to be solved.
Keywords: Poverty, urban poor, policy
The Severity of Poverty in China
China is the largest developing country, more and more prosperous. It also has the worlds largest population. Asian Development Bank (2004) explained that there are over 150 million people in China live in poverty. People have less than one dollar to use every day. The problem of poverty is one of the most important issues in the world, and is more prominent in China. Poverty is a serious social problem, which is due to historical, geographical environment and unfair income allocation. Review of reform and opening up 30 years with the sustained and rapid growth of the national economy and the government to take strong measures to alleviate poverty, poverty has been a significant, large area of mitigation. Countries have to adopt a variety of social policy to deal with the challenges of poverty.
These policies include the introduction and strengthening of the social security system, to expand the employers responsibility system, the implementation of a progressive tax, development of community services, as well as land reform, property accumulation and regional development and other means to eradicate poverty CITATION Tow71 l 1033 (Townsend?P, 1971). For example, in rural areas, people living in absolute poverty dropped from 2.5 million in 1978 to 14.79 million in 2007, the incidence of poverty from 30.7% to 1.6%. CITATION Min08 l 1033 (Wang, 2008) Thus. Determined by the Chinese government to solve food and clothing problems of the rural poor to the end of the twentieth century, the basic realization of the strategic objectives. But at the same time, with the deepening of the urban social and economic reform, poverty Transfer. Urban social structure has undergone major changes, the emergence of new poverty
Statistical standards, in accordance with the civil affairs department of the urban poor can be roughly divided into the following four main categories: First, the three noes of personnel, traditionally by the civil affairs department has been given to the object of the social assistance CITATION Civ111 l 1033 (Affairs, 2011); poverty unemployment staff receiving unemployment benefits during the per capita household income is less than the local minimum living residents of the line; poverty active employees, laid-off workers and retirees, that such persons receive a salary, basic living expenses and the final amount (or pension insurance) at the same time, per capital income is still below the local minimum living residents of the line; difficult life caused by disability, illness or other reasons residents. Above categories of personnel in the urban poor, the proportion of urban anti-poverty policy: in the face of increasingly prominent urban poverty, the Chinese government has introduced a number of policies designed to protect the safety of life of the residents of the poor, and promote the ability to work of the poor to alleviate their poverty through employment.
Generally speaking, these policies can be divided into three types, namely preventive policies, relief policy and development policy: minimum wage protection system, Two guarantees policy, and The unemployment insurance system. CITATION Zhu02 l 1033 (Zhu R. , 2002) Minimum wage protection policy
The minimum wage is the normal work under the premise of their enterprises should pay the lowest labor remuneration of workers in the statutory working hours. It does not include allowances and overtime wages, shift, night shift, high temperature, low temperature, underground, toxic and hazardous and other special working environment and conditions under national laws and regulations, the workers insurance policies, benefits and enterprises through supplement food housing and other non-monetary income paid to workers. Workers leave in accordance with the laws and regulations shall be treated as a normal work, to visit relatives, and to participate in social activities. Since wages are an important source of income for the workers, so the establishment of minimum wage protection system is to protect the basic living of workers and the legitimate rights and interests of important measures to prevent it beggared. CITATION Min94 l 1033 (Minimun Wage Protection Policy, 1994)Two guarantees policy
Two guarantees to ensure that the basic living expenses of laid-off workers from state-owned enterprises and enterprise retirees pensions in full, this is a great emphasis on the prevention of poverty policy by the central government. Retirees from enterprises on the protection of life, has traditionally been borne by the state and enterprises. Due to the negative impact of such protection on enterprise development as well as its own is not sustainable, in urgent need of radical reform. Since the 1990s, the State Council promulgated a series of policies (1), and gradually establish a unified basic old-age insurance system for enterprise employees, the goal is clear, specifically, is to establish a socialist market economic system, for urban enterprises workers and self-employed workers, sources of funding multi-channel, multi-level support methods of social pooling and individual accounts combined, rights and obligations corresponding to the pension system of socialized management and services.
The unemployment insurance system
The original planned economic system, a new labor force will get a job, get the work cannot be casually dismissed, and thus there is no open unemployment problem. Government also was helping employed workforce to find jobs. During their unemployment, security is borne by families and units.
Re-employment project
Compared with the aforementioned preventive relief policy, re-employment project is an important development of anti-poverty policies. The focus of this project is to help unemployed for six months or more workers and those living in difficult enterprise surplus workers re-employed as soon as possible, to prevent falling into poverty or to get rid of poverty.
Poverty brings certain of damage to people in various aspects included health, education, employment, and housing CITATION Qin02 l 1033 (Zhu Q. F., 2002). In the commercialization of urban society, the low purchasing power of the poor, it will not only lead to their difficulties in terms of material life, but also lead to difficult for them to equal access to urban education, medical and other services. The backwardness of urban poor in these areas will make the quality of their culture and physiological quality lower than the non-poor, and thus indirectly led to the decline in their social class position, but also lead to Intergenerational Transmission of Poverty, to make their next generation may still be faced with the dilemma of poverty. In addition, with the continuous development of the socio-economic standard of living for most people is increasing, the poor cannot be fair, like the non-poor to enjoy the socio-economic development to improve the quality of life, to some extent, this is a form of social exclusion for the poor.
Frist, the presence of the urban poor also has a negative impact on society, manifested in the following aspects: Second, the urban poor restricting the healthy development of the national economy CITATION Par l 1033 (Parry). Labor resources of the urban poor cannot give full play to affect the growth of social production, thereby constraining the supply level of society; urban poor groups due to the lack of economic conditions, the level of spending power and low, thereby constraining the expansion of consumer demand. Moreover, the problems of the urban poor also restricted the development of urbanization. Farmers into the public is the only way of urbanization, and the growing number of urban poor is greatly restricted the process of urbanization in China. The increasing of the urban poor as well as increases in poverty levels affects social stability. The urban poor are mostly caused by social reasons, social security to a certain extent to solve the minimum needs for survival of the poor, but in terms of health, education and social, many of the most basic needs of these populations cannot be met, but also face social discrimination, childrens education, and other mental and psychological pressure. Real life facing these problems and psychological unfair sense may stimulate their deviant behavior occurs even criminal, to the detriment of social stability and unity.
Recent years it has been seen the GDP grow rapidly, which gives people an illusion that more poor Chinese are going out of the poverty dilemma. However, we should recognize that the growth of economy is based on the low-price export of non-renewable resources, cheap labors and the soaring price. According to the statistics provided by the World Bank in 2009 about 99% poor people of China come from the rural area if the rural-urban migrants are included. In other words, the majority of the poor lives in the countryside.
In China, natural resources like mountains and coal mines are state-owned. Individuals have no right to exploit let alone benefit from them CITATION Che l 1033 (Li). However, the capitalists, though private, they are allowed to buy the entities in a very low price from the government, and then squeeze amounts of fortune out of the land, during which, peasants, though a part of the country, get very little benefit. Whats worse, peasants have to put up with the deprivation of their legitimate property rights did by the government. For instance, a highway may built major with the founds from peasants themselves, but the government will claim its right on it, that is to say, all the profit should come into the pocket of government. This is no better than the commitment of robbery.
To sum up, the reason in depth causes the poverty is that the minority up the top of the society seize the most part of the power and wealth and at the same time they created a series of unreasonable system to protect their benefits from being offended by the rest.
References
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AffairsCivil. (2011.06.16). Civil Affairs Pubilsh Community Service Statistical Report. Date: 2013.4.30?From: Ministry of Civil Affairs of the Peoples Republic of China: http://www.mca.gov.cn/article/zwgk/mzyw/201106/20110600161364.shtml
Athukorala, S. (1996). Poverty?A Global Review. In S. Athukorala, Handbook on International Poverty Research (pp. 78-79). Oslo: Scandinavian University Press.
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Townsend?P. (1971). Class and Poverty. In Townsend?P, Measures and Explanations of Poverty in High Income and Low Income Countries (p. 45). London: Heinemann.
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Zhu, R. (2002). Nationalized company basic life for retirement and reemployment work. China: Ministry of Labour and Social Security.
ZhuFangQing. (2002). Characteristics and reasons of urban poverty groups. Chinese Cadres Tribune , Page 4.
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